Can You Use 128GB 256GB SD Cards in GoPro Cameras?

Yes, at least in the newer models. You can use 128GB microSD cards in these models:

HERO7 Black
HERO7 Silver
HERO7 White
HERO6 Black
HERO5 Black
HERO5 Session
HERO Session (2018)
HERO4 Black
HERO4 Silver
HERO4 Session

Sequential Write Speed

Not all 128GB and 256GB cards are fast enough for the high-end video modes of these GoPros, and using a card that's too slow can lead to unstable and unexpected behavior such as video recording stopping unexpectedly or error messages. Specifically, you want SD cards that have fast sequential write speeds, which is the spec that's relevant to recording video or using the buffer photo modes on GoPros.

If you're looking for some guidance on which SD cards are fast enough for the various GoPro models, I've put together some recommendations for specific models:

microSDHC vs microSDXC

The 128GB and 256GB cards you see will all be labeled as microSDXC. Only cards 32GB and smaller will have the microSDHC label. You won't find any 128GB cards sold with microSDHC labeling. The distinction is one set by the SD Association's specification.

The difference between them is in the filesystem formatting used. microSDHC cards use FAT32 filesystem. microSDXC cards us a newer and more flexible exFAT filesystem. While it's technically possible to use a computer to reformat the card with the other filesystem, it's not recommended, and the next time you reformat the card in the camera it will revert to the expected filesystem.